④译成原因分句。 We cannot see it clearly for the fog.由于有雾,我们看不清它。 The machine is working none the worse for its long service. 这部机器并不因使用的时间长而性能变差了。
⑤译成目的分句。 This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classifications: mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound..为了便于研究起见,通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。
(4)不译:不译或省略翻译是在确切表达原文内容的前提下使译文简练,合乎汉语规范,决不是任意省略某些介词。
①表示时间或地点的英语介词,译成汉语如出现在句首,大都不译。如: There are four seasons in a year. 一年有四季。 Many water power stations have been built in the country.我国已建成许多水电站。
②有些介词如for(为了),from(从……),to(对……),on(在……时)等,可以不译。如: The barometer is a good instrument for measuring air pressure.气压计是测量气压的好仪器。 The air was removed from between the two pipes.两根管子之间的空气已经抽出。 Answers to questions 2 and 3 may be obtained in the laboratory.问题2和3的答案可以在实验室里得到。 Most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling. 大多数物质热胀冷缩。
③表示与主语有关的某一方面、范围或内容的介词有时不译,可把介词的宾语译成汉语主语。如: Something has gone wrong with the engine.这台发动机出了毛病。 Gold is similar in color to brass金子的颜色和黄铜相似。 Its never occurred to me that bats are really guided by their ears.我从未想到蝙蝠居然是靠耳朵引路的。
④不少of介词短语在句中作定语。其中of(……的)往往不译。如: The change of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done in motors.电能变为机械能是通过电动机实现的。 (of短语和change在逻辑上有主谓关系,可译成立谓结构。) Some of the properties of cathode rays listed below.现将阴极射线的一些特性开列如下。(第一个of短语和some在逻辑上有部分关系,Of不译出。)
(5)反译:在不少情况下,有的介词短语如不从反面着笔,译文就不通,这时必须反译。如:
①beyond, past,against等表示超过某限度的能力或反对....时,其短语有时用反译法。如: It is post repair.这东西无法修补了。 There are some arguments against the possibility of life on this planet.有些论据不同意这行星上可能有生物。 Radio telescopes have been able to probe space beyond the range of ordinary optical telescopes.射电望远镜已能探测普通光学望远镜达不到的宇宙空间。
②off, from等表示地点,距离时,有时有反译法。如: The boat sank off the coast.这只船在离海岸不远处沉没了。
③but,except,besides等表示除去、除外时,有时用反译法。 Copper is the best conductor but silver.铜是仅次于银的最优导体。 The mdelecular formula, C6H14, does not show anything except the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms.分子式C6H14只用来表示碳原子和氢原子的总数。www.51education.net
④from,in等介词短语作补足语时,有时用反译法。如: An iron case will keep the Earths magnetic field away from the compass.铁箱能使地球磁场影响不了指南针。 The signal was shown about the machine being order.信号表明机器设有毛病。
'一个词脱离上下文是不能翻译的'(索伯列夫),没有上下文就没有词义。介词的翻译须根据上下文和词的搭配灵活处理,切忌作对号入座的机械翻译。
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