accrual basis
权责发生制
activity ratio
营运比率
adversely classified credits
不良贷款
asset diversification
资产多元化
asset portfolio
资产组合
at arms length
商业的/公平的
back-office support
后台支持
bad loans
呆帐
bank portfolio
银行资产
banking supervision
银行监管
Basle Core Principles
巴塞尔核心原则
be pledged as security
抵押
borrower
借款人
calendar-based system
期限为基础的(准备金制度)
CAMEL
骆驼评级法
carrying value
现存价值
cash
收付实现制
collection
催收
Consumer client
个人客户
contingent liabilities
或有债务
Corporate client
法人客户
credits that are being rolled over
展期贷款
current liability account
流动债务帐户
current ratio
流动比率
debt-for-equity swap
债权转股权
delinquent loan
过失贷款
directed credits
指定贷款
disintermediation
脱媒（体外循环）
distressed assets
有问题资产
doubtful asset
可疑资产
earning
收益
efficiency ratio
效率比率
financial leverage
财务杠杆；举债经营
financial soundness
财务稳健性
foreclosed assets
没收的抵押财产
gearing
财务杠杆；举债经营
general provison
普通准备金
general reserve
普通准备金
impaired assests
受损害资产
interest accrual
计息
interest coverage
利息偿付率
interest payments being capitalized
利息转本金
intra-account
内部帐户
lending officer
信贷人员
lending policy
贷款证策
licensing
申请许可证
licensing period
申请许可证过程
write-off
冲销
write-up
(贷款)批评报告loan classification
贷款分类
loan documentation
贷款记录
loan grading
贷款分级
loan origination
贷款发放
loan restructuring
重组贷款
loan review
贷款检查
loan splitting
贷款分割
loss loan provisioning
呆帐准备金
non-accrual items
不计息项目
non-accruals
不计息的
non-classified
未分类的
obligator
债务人
off-balance sheet
表外
off-site supervision
非现场监测
on-site inspection
现场检查
on-site visit
现场访问
out-of-area loan
外地信贷
outstanding balance
未清偿余额
overdue
逾期
pass, overdue, idle & bad loans (POIB)
一逾两呆
past due loans
逾期贷款
pending factor
未决因素
poorly structured loan
结构不合理贷款
problem loans
有问题贷款
Profit and loss
损益（表）
provision
准备金
provisioning
准备金提取
quick ratio
速动比率
rehabilitation

repayment schedule
还款计划
restructured loans
重组贷款
risk-weighted asset
风险加权资产
ROCA
洛卡评级法
roll-overs
展期
security enforcement
行使抵押权
side agreement
附件
special mention asset
特别提及资产
special reserve
特殊准备金
specific reserve
专项准备金
substandard assets
次级资产
suspense account
挂帐
term loan
定期贷款
to credit
贷记
to debit
借记
trading on equity
财务杠杆；举债经营
troubled loan
有问题贷款
turnover ratio
周转比率
weak loan
低质量贷款
work out problem
核销有问题

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色即是空， 空即是色， 色不异空， 空不异色， 受想行识， 亦复如是！ 是诸法空象， 不生不灭， 不垢不净， 不增不减......


Paul Chen

钻石会员

发贴数: 1037
发表于 - 2004/04/25 : 11:53:00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

财税融资

金融保险 BANKING AND INSURANCE BUSINESS
将原来的高度集中的计划金融管理体制改为实行中央银行体制, 以人民银行为领导，专业银行为主体，保险公司、信托投资公司、农村信用社、城市信用社、证券公司等多种金融机构并存和协作的，多层次、多功能的金融组织体系。 The original highly-concentrated planned banking managing system is transformed into the Central Bank system, that is , establishing a cooperative, multi-levelled and multi-functioned banking organizational system which is bed by the People's Bank of China, operated with specialized banks as the main body and supported by insurance companies, trust investment companies, rural credit cooperatives, city credit cooperatives and stock companies.
信贷资金运行机制 operational mechanism of credit capitals
实贷实存 actual loans and deposits
融通资金 allocate funds
（银行、商业、消费、国家、民间）信用 (banking, commercial, consuming, state and non-governmental)credits
商业票据 commercial bills
国家/企业债券 state/enterprises bonds
股票 stocks
大额定期储蓄存单 large amount deposit receipts
全市初步形成了以同业资金拆借市场证券市场和外汇调剂市场为主内容的金融市场体系。 A banking market system majored by call markets, stock markets and foreign exchange regulating markets is primarily formed in the Municipality.
积极发挥利率的经济杠杆作用。扩大了计息范围划分了利率种类和档次实行区别利率同时推行浮动利率。 Giving full play to the economic lever function of interest rates. Spheres of interest-reckoning are expanded. differentiated interest rates are carried out b dividing interest rates into various kinds and levels. Floating interest rates are adopted.
允许外汇额度和现汇进行市场调节，价格随行就市。 Market regulations of foreign exchange quotas and cash remittances are permitted, and prices are changeable according t changes of the market.
统计结算和信息传递 statistics， account-settling and information transferring
风险责任 risk responsibility
社会保险 social insurance
社会保障 social security
社会福利 social welfare service
失业保险 insurance for the unemployed
退休（养老）金 pensions
生活待遇 material amenities
便民服务 handy service for the public
社会救济对象 people eligible for social relief
社会福利院 social welfare home
财税融资 TAXATION AND FINANCING
财政 revenue and public financing
财政包干 local governments are responsible for their own finance; fiscal contract responsibility system
财税改革 fiscal and tax reform
分税制 system whereby tax revenues are shared by central and local authorities
利税分流 system whereby state-owned enterprises pay tax plus a percentage of profits
累进税率 progressive tax rate
税基 tax base
税种（营业税、所得税、增值税、消费税、流转税、关税） category of tax(business tax, value added tax 〖VAT〗,consumption tax, turnover tax, tariff)
货币投放 money supply
融资（项目贷款、债券股票融资、集资、游资、经常性贷款、贷款利率、赠款、担保人） financing(project financing, financing in the form of bonds and stocks, fund raising, idle funds, commercial lending, lending rate, grants, guarantor)
信贷额度 line of credit
买方信贷/卖方信贷 buyer credits/supplier credits
偿还期限 repayment terms
履约保证金 performance guarantee
差额垫支担保 provide shortfall payment guarantee
优惠贷款 soft loan
混合信贷 mixed credits
宽限期 grace period
回流贷款 recycling loan
还本付息 repay principle and pay interest on loans
回收快 gain quick return
回报率 rate or return (ROR)
盈利能力 profitability
规模效益 an economy of scale
信贷规模管理（存款准备金率、中央银行贷款利率、公开市场业务） control over scale of bank credit (reserve ratio on deposits, central bank's lending rates, open market operations)
最初设立该机构是为了执行反托拉斯法。制订该项法律的目的在于防止垄断和维护竞争。 The agency was originally established to enforce antitrust laws. These laws are designed to prevent monopoly and maintain competition.
建立保险金制度和物品储备制度以便平衡供求关系。 The system of risk-proof fund and material reserve are designed to balance the supply and demand.
经过15年的努力，中国已经初步完成了价格改革，截止到1992年底，靠市场调节价格的商品已占93%。 Following 15 years of effort, China has initially completed prices reform. By the end of 1992, commodities subject to market regulation have accounted for 93%.
进一步扩大市场机制的积极作用，以抵消物价上涨对人民生活水平带来的消极影响。 to further expand the positive role of market mechanism in order to offset the adverse influences of price hikes on the living standard of the people.
采取灵活措施 exercise flexible measures
政府颁布详尽措施打击欺骗性价格和暴利，相关的执行细则将于4月1日生效。新规定将起到限制与保护的双重作用。 The government has enacted sweeping moves/measures against gouging price and staggering/exorbitant/excessive profits, and the related detailed implementation rules will go into effect on 1st of April. The new regulations will play a dual role of restriction and protection.
价格波动再次警告我们不要对粮食价格掉以轻心。 Price fluctuation once again warned us not to treat the grain price lightly.

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色即是空， 空即是色， 色不异空， 空不异色， 受想行识， 亦复如是！ 是诸法空象， 不生不灭， 不垢不净， 不增不减......


Paul Chen

钻石会员

发贴数: 1037
发表于 - 2004/04/25 : 11:59:10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

第一章 香港银行体制简介
minimum paid-up share capital 最低实缴股本
reciprocity 互惠
corresponding bank 代理行
liaison office 联络办公室
moratorium 延期偿付权
legislation 法规
innovation 改革
underwriting 包销
merge 合并
portfolio 资产组合
unit trust 单位投资信托
arbitrage 套汇
capital adequacy ratio 资本充足率
derivative 金融衍生工具
maturity 到期日
deregulation 放松管制
redemption 兑现
certificates of indebtedness 债务证书
linked exchange rate 联系汇率
accounting arrangements 会计安排
resumption of sovereign 收回主权
holding company 控股公司
privileges 特权
第二章 货币、银行与经济
legal tender 法币
medium of exchange 交换媒介
deferred payment 延期支付
face value 面值
mintage 铸币
homogeneity 同质权
fiat money 不兑换纸币，名义纸币
negotiable certificates of deposits 大额转让存单
narrowly-defined 狭义定义的
broadly-defined 广义定义的
required reserve 法定准备金
excess reserve 超额准备金
monetary base 货币｛流通｝基础
open market operations 公开市场操作
auction 拍卖
non-intervention 不干涉主义
net balance 净差｛余｝额
advance 贷款
retained earnings 留存收益
第三章 香港银行业监管-资本充足率、流动性比率和对银行业务的限制
risk-weighted assets 风险加权资产
off-balance sheet items 表外业务项目
collateral 抵押
claims 债权
denominate 面值
residual maturity 剩余期限
mortgage 住房抵押
arrears 拖欠尾数
default 违约
on-balance sheet items 表内业务
contingency 意外开支
repurchase agreement 回购协议
recourse 追索权
irrevocable 不可撤消
rediscounting 在贴现
market risk exposure市场风险
position 头寸
第四章 国际银行业-- 监管与市场发展
debt-to-equity ratio 资产负债比率
treasure bond 国库券
leasing 租赁
money laundering 洗钱
treasure bill 国库券
bankruptcy 破产
credit securitization 信用证券化
real time gross settlement 实时全额清算
off-shore 离岸
clearing bank清算行
discount house 贴现行
privileged position 最优惠头寸
building society 建房协会
Japanese Big Bang 日本金融改革
dual banking system 双轨银行制度
wire transfer 电子转帐
第五章 金融机构\资本市场与货币市场
laissez-faire 自由 放任主义
negotiable 可流通的
installment 分期付款
benchmark 基准利率
turnover 成交额
outstanding 未付的
in favour of 以^为受益人
promissory note 本票
unsecured 无担保的
prime rate 最优惠利率
preference share 优先股
ordinary share 普通股
warrant 认股权
current market value 当期市值
option contract 期权合同
hedging 套期保值
Provident Fund 福利基金
第六章 银行清算系统与转帐
beneficiary 受益人
collecting bank 代收行
code 代号，代码，密码
uncleared cheque 未清偿支票
invoice 发票
credit transfer 信用转帐
endorsement 背书
bearer 持票人
defective title 有瑕疵的所有权
down payment 首付款
traveller's cheque 旅行支票
bearer bonds 不记名债券
crossed cheque划线支票
countersign 联署
paying bank 付款行
transferable 可转让
holder in due course 正当持票人
holder in value 有代价持票人
overdue 过期
dishonoured cheque 拒付支票
repo repurchase agreement 回购协议
第七章 面向个人的银行业务
countermand 取消
garnishee order 向第三债务人下达的资产扣押令
winding-up 停业清理
secured loan 担保贷款
overdraft 透支
real estate mortgage 房地产抵押
chattel mortgage 动产抵押
in presence of 提示
reimbursement 偿还
withholding interest tax 预扣税
custodian 保管
access 准入
automatic teller machine 自动取款机
personal identity number 密码.个人识别号
passbook 存折
insurance broker 保险经纪人
hire purchase 租购
第八章 面向公司的银行业务
working capital loan 周转资金
start-up loan 创业贷款
syndicated loan 辛迪加贷款
project financing 项目融资
foreign trade financing 对外贸易融资
current assets 流动资产
accounts receivable 应收帐款
agent bank 代理行
drawdown period 支用期
grace period 宽限期
principle 本金
tombstone 证券发行公告
factoring facilities 保理业务
open credit 无担保贷款
factor 保理人
lessee 承租人
lessor 出租人
non-resourse 无追索权
financial lease 金融租赁
operating lease 经营租赁
full payout lease 支付租赁
true lease 真实租赁
conditional lease 条件租赁
leverage lease 杠杆租赁
electronic date interchange services 电子数据交换服务
第九章 私人银行业务和商人银行业务
retail bank 商业零售银行
private bank 私人银行
merchant bank 商人银行
risk preference 风险偏好
risk taking investor 甘冒风险的投资者
risk aversion investor 逃避风险的投资者
macroeconomic oriented 以宏观经济为导向的
equities origination 股票发行
venture capital financing 风险资本融资
the spread 价差
interest rate swap 利率互换
leverage buyout 杠杆收购
junk bond 垃圾债券
red chips 红筹股
"h" shares H股
trustee 受托人
第十章 银行在国际贸易中充当的角色
collection 托收
production combination 生产联合
production cost 生产成本
comparative advantage 相对优势
middle agent 中间代理
eliminate exchange risk 消除外汇风险
shipping insurance 海险
guarantee 担保
performance bond 履约保证
import credit 进口信贷
第十二章 国际货币交易
dividends 分红
money transfer 转帐
bank draft 银行汇票
mail transfer 信汇
telegraphic transfer 电汇
test key测试密钥
telex 电报
Society for World Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications
环球银行间金融电讯协会
standardized format 标准格式
clearing house 结算所
computer code 电脑代码
additional cost 附加成本
第十三章 外汇
foreign exchange rate 外汇汇率
swing 浮动
spot rate 现汇汇率
market rate 市场汇率
cross rate 交叉汇率
forward exchange contract 远期外汇合同
currency future contract 货币期货合同
quotation 报价单
rolling forex 展期外汇
option on foreign exchange 外汇期权
strike price 执行价格
expiry date 到期日
call option 多头期头
put option 空头期权
foreign exchange hedge 外汇套期保值
foreign exchange swap 外汇掉期
superannuation 养老基金
pension funds 退休基金
brokerage fee 经纪人佣金
optimum profit 最高收益
第十四章 发放信贷的基本考虑
canon 标准
illegal activities 非法 行为
speculative purpose 投机目的
repayment schedule 还款安排
balance sheet 资产负债表
income statement 利润表
long-term loan 长期贷款
country-risk 国别风险
quantitative yardstick 定量的评判标准
credit risk 信用风险
risk assessment 风险评估
margin 保证金
legal authority 法定权力
memorandum and articles of association 公司章程
cushion of assets 资产缓冲
safe title 所有权
credit reference agency 信用查询机构
credit standing 信用状况
第十五章 放款类型
consumer loan 消费信贷
bonus 奖金
gratuity 退休金
track record 工作履历
minor's account 未成年人帐户
sole proprietors 独资企业
private limited company 私人有限公司
public limited company 公共有限公司
inter-bank lending /borrowing 同业拆借
the inter-bank money market 同业拆借市场
local currency 本国货币
marginal cost 边际成本
inter-bank rate 同业拆借利率
contingency payout 意外支出
natural disaster 自然灾害
legal status 法定地位
第十一章 外贸融资
documentary credit 跟单信用证
documentary collection 跟单托收
export credit insurance 出口信贷保险
shipment policy 装运保险单
issuing bank 开证行
advising bank 通知行
confirming bank 保兑行
applicant 开证申请人
irrevocable documentary letter of credit 不可撤消信用证
reimbursing bank 偿付行
negotiating bank 议付行
verification 证实
confirmed credit 保兑信用证
payment in advance 预付贷款
remitting bank 托收行
collecting bank 代收行
sight bill 即期汇票
term bill 远期汇票
clean collection 光票托收
bill of lading 提单
certificate of origin
airway bill 航空联运
certificate of inspection 检验证明
insurance policy certificate 保单证明
open account 赊销
premium 保险费
第十六章 特殊类型的借款者-商业部门
stockbroking 股票经纪
going concern 持续经营
net profit 净收益
audited accounts 经过审计的帐户
registration certificate 注册证明
inheritance 遗产
tangible security 有形担保
intangible personal guarantee 无形个人担保
deed 契约
dormant partner 不参与经营的合伙人
limited partner 有限责任合伙人
aggressive management 扩张性管理
defensive management 保守性管理
gearing 举债经营
prior charge 优先偿付债券
charges on assets 以资产抵押
fixed charge 固定抵押
floating charge 浮动抵押
overtrading 超资力经营
第十七章 贷款抵押
life policy 人寿保险
depreciation 折旧
indemnity 赔偿
legal mortgage 法定抵押
leasehold mortgage 衡平法抵押
surrender value 租赁财产抵押
stocks and shares 股票和证券
unquoted shares 非挂牌｛上市｝股票
cross-guarantee 交叉担保
under influence 不正当影响
misrepresentation 与事实不符合的陈述
debenture 债券
run down 削减
acknowledgement 确认
第十八章 资产负债表分析
tangible assets 有形资产
intangible assets 无形资产
copy right 版权
goodwill 商誉
net worth 资产净值
cash flow 现金流量
current ratio 流动比率
quick ratio 速动比率
quality of assets 资产质量
investment strategy 投资策略
trend analysis 趋势分析
debt to equity ratio 债务产权率
debt service ratio 还本付息比；偿债比率
amortization 摊销
receivable turnover 应收帐款
inventory turnover存货周转
第十九章 放款监控
write off 注销
recession （经济）衰退
social unrest 社会动荡
uncleared funds 未清算资金
credit limit 信贷限额
bad debt 坏帐
loan restructuring 贷款重新安排
recovery 追陪
offsetting 补偿
legal proceeding 诉讼
litigation solicitor诉讼律师

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色即是空， 空即是色， 色不异空， 空不异色， 受想行识， 亦复如是！ 是诸法空象， 不生不灭， 不垢不净， 不增不减......


Paul Chen

钻石会员

发贴数: 1037
发表于 - 2004/04/25 : 12:02:12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

经济金融常用术语
方凡泉

宏观经济 macro economy 计划经济 planned economy
指令性计划 mandatory plan 指导性计划 guidance plan
社会主义市场经济（中国） socialist market economy
社会市场经济（德国） social market economy
新经济（美国） new economy 知识经济 knowledge-based economy
网络经济 Internet-based networked economy 信息时代 information age
全球化 globalization （全球境 globality） 信息经济 IT economy
外向型经济 export-oriented economy 实体经济 the real economy
经济规律 laws of economics 市场调节 market regulation
优化资源配置 optimize allocation of resources
规模经营优势 advantage of economies of scale
劳动密集型 labor intensive 技术密集型 technology intensive
大规模生产 mass production 新凯恩思主义 new Keynesian
货币主义者 monetarist 供给学派 supply-side economist
第一产业（农业） agriculture (primary industry)
第二产业（工业） manufacturing industry (secondary industry)
第三产业（服务业） service industry (tertiary industry)
主要经济指标 major economic indicators
国内生产总值 GDP gross domestic product （商品和劳务币值总和，不包括海外收入支出）
国民生产总值 GNP gross national product（商品和劳务币值总和，包括海外收入支出）
人均国内生产总值 GDP per capita 实际增长率 growth rate in real terms
年均增长率 average growth rate per annum
投资回报率 rate of return on investment
外贸进出口总额 total foreign trade value
实际利用外资 incoming overseas capital (investment) in place
消费价格指数 consumer price index (CPI)
零售价格指数 retail price index （RPI）
生活费用价格总指数 total price index of living cost
生活费用 income available for living expenses
扣除物价因素 in real terms / on inflation-adjusted basis
居民储蓄存款 residents’ bank savings deposit
恩格尔系数（食品开支占总支出的比例） Engel coefficient
基尼系数（衡量地区差别） Gini coefficient
购买力平价法 purchasing power parity (PPP) （衡量使用不同货币的两个国家或地区的经济水平、收入水平的一种计算法，用相等的汇率比较两种货币各自的国内购买力）
片面追求发展速度 excessive pursuit of growth
泡沫经济 bubble economy 经济过热 overheating of economy
通货膨胀 inflation 不景气 slump （衰退 recession） 通货紧缩 deflation
中国现代化建设分三步走的战略
the three-step development strategy of China’s modernization drive
第一步，到1990年国民生产总值比1980年翻一番
Step One: GDP of 1990 doubles that of 1980.
第二步，到2000年人均国民生产总值比1980年翻两番，人民生活达到小康水平
Step Two: GDP of 2000 quadruples that of 1980; people live a fairly comfortable life.
第三步，到21世纪中期建国100周年时，达到中等发达国家水平
Step Three: By the year 2049, the 100th anniversary of the P.R.C., China’s level of development is expected to be on par with the mid-ranking developed countries
即将加入世贸组织 expected entry (accession) in the WTO
与世界经济的联系将更加紧密 be more closely linked to the world economy
中国巨大的市场潜力将逐步转化为现实的购买力 The huge market potential that China enjoys will be turned into tangible purchasing power.
适应市场经济需要的法律法规体系还不够健全 The regulatory and legal system is not well established as to adapt to the demand of market economy.
经济管理体制可能会出现一些不适应 The economic management system may not be readily adapted to the changes.
一些行业和企业可能会受到冲击 Some sectors of economy and some businesses may be adversely affected.
立足中国国情，发挥自身优势
proceed from national conditions in China and bring our advantages into play
扬长避短，趋利避害，迎接经济全球化的挑战 foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses and rise to the challenge of economic globalization
瓶颈制约 bottleneck constraints
放权让利 decentralization and interest concessions (in late 1980s and early 1990s)
深化改革 intensify reform; deepen one’s commitment to reform
配套改革 supporting (concomitant) reforms
配套资金 counterpart funds; local funding of
提高经济效益 improve economic performance; increase economic returns
讲求社会效益 value contribution to society; pay attention to social effect
加速国民经济信息化 develop information-based economy accelerate IT application in economy
拉动经济增长 fuel economic growth
利改税 substitution of tax payment for profit delivery
费改税 transform administrative fees into taxes
债转股 debt-to-equity swap
头寸宽裕（头寸紧缺） in an easy position (tight position)
朝阳产业 sunrise industry
招标投标制 the system of public bidding for project
充分发挥货币政策的作用 give full play to the role of monetary policy
实施积极的财政政策 follow a pro-active fiscal policy
向银行增发国债，扩大投资 The government issued additional treasury bonds to banks to increase investment.
再注资 recapitalization
放松银根 to ease monetary policy (收紧银根 tighten up monetary policy)
适度从紧的财政政策 moderately tight fiscal policy
信用紧缩 credit crunch
加强国有商业银行内部资金调度
In state commercial banks, internal capital allocation should be improved.
合理划分贷款审批权限 Limits of authority for examining and approving loans
should be rationally defined.
保证有市场、有效益、守信用企业的流动资金贷款
ensure floating capital loans for well-performing and trustworthy enterprises which turn out the right products for the right markets
启动民间投资 attract investment from the private sector
适销对路的产品 the right products / readily marketable products
国有企业 state-owned enterprises (SOEs)
集体企业 collectively-owned (partnership) enterprises
私营企业 private businesses
民营企业 privately-run businesses
中小企业 small-and-medium-sized enterprises
三资企业（中外合资、中外合作、外商独资）
overseas-invested enterprises; foreign-invested enterprises (Chinese-overseas equity joint ventures, Chinese-overseas contractual joint ventures, wholly foreign- owned enterprises)
存款保证金 guaranty money for deposits
货币回笼 withdrawal of currency from circulation
吸收游资 absorb idle fund
经常性贷款 commercial lending
经常性支出 operating expenses
再贷款 re-lending; subloan
支持国有大型企业和高新技术企业上市融资
support large state-owned enterprises and high and innovative technology companies in their efforts to seek financing by listing on the stock market
改制上市 An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.
进一步规范和发展证券市场 further standardize and develop the securities market
增加直接融资比重 increase the proportion of direct financing
完善股票发行上市制度 improve the system for IPO and listing on stock markets
中国证监会 China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC)
深圳证券交易所市 Shenzhen Stock Exchange
上海证券交易所 Shanghai Stock Exchange
综合指数 composite index
（美国）纳斯达克（高技术企业板） NASDAQ （National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation
主板市场 the main board 二板市场 the second board market
中国创业板 China Growth Enterprise Market
首次上市 IPOs (initial public offering)
市场资本总额 market capitalization
法人股 institutional shares
内部股（非上市招股） private company shares
“牛”市 bull market 抛售 bear sales 疲软股票 soft stock
配股 allotment of shares 内部审计 internal audit 互助基金 mutual fund
扩大内需 expand domestic demand
改善居民心理预期 inspire the general public's confidence in the future needs
鼓励增加即期消费 encourage more immediate consumption
长期国债 long-term treasury bonds
支付国债利息 to service treasury bonds
财政赤字和债务 deficits and the national debt
按原口径计算 calculate on the base line
按不变价格计算 calculate at constant price
按可比价格计算 calculate at comparable price
列入财政预算支出 listed in the fiscal budget
结售汇制度 the system of exchange, settlement and sales
经常项目顺差 favorable balance of current account, surplus of current
account
开办人民币业务 engage in Rrenminbi (RMB) business
出口退税制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods
保证金台帐制度 Deposit account system for processing trade
分期付款 installment payment
保值储蓄 inflation-proof bank savings
抵押贷款 collateralised loans
住房抵押贷款 residential mortgage loan 经济林 cash tree
跟踪审计 follow-up auditing 配套政策 supporting policies
广义货币 M2 （狭义货币 M1）
中国人民银行（中央银行）The People’s Bank of China（central bank）
四大国有商业银行 4 major state-owned commercial banks
中国银行 Bank of china
中国工商银行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China（）and
中国建设银行 Construction Bank of China
中国农业银行 Agricultural Bank of China
招商银行 China Merchants Bank 中国光大银行 Everbright Bank of China
中国民声银行 China Minsheng Banking Corporation Ltd.
中信实业银行 CITIC Industrial Bank 政策性银行 state policy-related bank
国家发展银行 State Development Bank 中国进出口银行 China EXIM Bank
（香港英资）汇丰银行 Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HKSBC)
金融监管 financial supervision
《中国人民银行法》 Law of the People’s Bank of China
《商业银行法》 Law of Commercial Banks
《保险法》 Law of Insurance
《证券法》 Law of Securities
巴塞尔原则 Basel Core Principles
监管对象的行为有问题、管理机制不健全 problems of supervised entities’
behavior and the unsound internal governance mechanism
风险意识 consciousness of risk prevention
事前监管 proactive regulation and supervision 风险管理 risk management
坚持严格的贷款标准 maintain strong underwriting standards
六大风险 risks in 6 key areas (U.S. Federal Reserve criterion)
信用风险 credit risk / 市场风险 market risk / 流动性风险 liquidity risk
操作风险 operational risk / 法律风险 legal risk / 信誉风险 reputational risk
风险评级 risk rating
到期不还贷 default on a loan
资不抵债 insolvency; be insolvent
亚洲金融危机 Asian financial crisis (1997-98)
（人行）9个跨省（区）分行代替31个省级分行
9 regional branches (of PBC) replaced 31 provincial ones
投资（贷款）组合 investment (loan) portfolio
外汇储备充足 sufficient foreign exchange reserves
中国金融业问题 problems with financial sector in China
储蓄比例过高 the excessively large proportion of savings in the money supply
国有企业产负债率过高 high leverage ratio of the state-owned enterprises,
国有独资商业银行不良资产比例过高
high ratio of non-performing loans of the state commercial banks
少数中小存款金融机构不能支付到期债务
insolvency of a handful of small and medium-sized financial institutions
不良贷款 non-performing loans
防范和化解金融风险 address financial risks
提高企业借贷和行使民事责任的能力
improve enterprises’ creditworthiness and ability to fulfil their civil liabilities
监事会 supervisory board
实行谨慎会计制度 adopt prudential accounting standards
五级分类法划分贷款质量 the five-category asset classification approach
金融资产管理公司 financial asset management companies
分离和收回不良资产 substantially reduce the ratio of non-performing assets
分业管理、规模经营 business segregation, economy of scale
规范金融机构市场退出制度 improve the market exit mechanism for financial
institutions